what is the vasular supply to the mengies
| Meninges | |
|---|---|
 Epitome depicting meninges around the brain | |
 The meninges: dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater | |
| Details | |
| Avenue | middle meningeal artery, meningeal branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery, accompaniment meningeal artery, co-operative of anterior ethmoidal artery, meningeal branches of vertebral artery |
| Nervus | middle meningeal nerve, nerve spinosus |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | Meninges |
| MeSH | D008578 |
| TA98 | A14.one.01.001 |
| TA2 | 5369 |
| FMA | 231572 |
| Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata] | |
In beefcake, the meninges (,[1] [two] atypical: meninx ( or [3]), from Aboriginal Greek: μῆνιγξ, romanized: mēninx , lit.'membrane',[iv] adjectival: meningeal ) are the 3 membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord. In mammals, the meninges are the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid is located in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. The primary office of the meninges is to protect the central nervous system.[v]
Structure [edit]
Dura mater [edit]
The dura mater (Latin: tough mother) (also rarely called meninx fibrosa or pachymeninx) is a thick, durable membrane, closest to the skull and vertebrae. The dura mater, the outermost part, is a loosely arranged, fibroelastic layer of cells, characterized by multiple interdigitating cell processes, no extracellular collagen,[ citation needed ] and significant extracellular spaces. The middle region is a mostly fibrous portion. It consists of two layers: the endosteal layer, which lies closest to the skull, and the inner meningeal layer, which lies closer to the brain.[6] It contains larger blood vessels that split up into the capillaries in the pia mater. It is composed of dense fibrous tissue, and its inner surface is covered by flattened cells like those present on the surfaces of the pia mater and arachnoid mater. The dura mater is a sac that envelops the arachnoid mater and surrounds and supports the large dural sinuses carrying blood from the brain toward the heart.
The dura has 4 areas of infolding:
- Falx cerebri, the largest, sickle-shaped; separates the cerebral hemispheres. Starts from the frontal crest of frontal bone and the crista galli running to the internal occipital protuberance.
- Tentorium cerebelli, the second largest, crescent-shaped; separates the occipital lobes from cerebellum. The falx cerebri attaches to it giving a tentlike advent.
- Falx cerebelli, vertical infolding; lies inferior to the tentorium cerebelli, separating the cerebellar hemispheres.
- Diaphragma sellae, smallest infolding; covers the pituitary gland and sella turcica.
Arachnoid mater [edit]
Diagram of section of top of brain showing the meninges and subarachnoid space
The heart chemical element of the meninges is the arachnoid mater, or arachnoid membrane, so named because of its resemblance to a spider spider web. It cushions the central nervous system. This thin, transparent membrane is composed of gristly tissue and, like the pia mater, has an outer layer of tightly packed flat cells, forming the arachnoid bulwark.[vii]
The shape of the arachnoid does not follow the convolutions of the surface of the encephalon and and so looks similar a loosely fitting sac. In item, in the region of the brain a large number of fine filaments chosen arachnoid trabeculae pass from the arachnoid through the subarachnoid space to blend with the tissue of the pia mater. The arachnoid barrier has no extracellular collagen and is considered to represent an effective morphological and physiological meningeal barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid infinite and the blood circulation in the dura.
The arachnoid barrier layer is characterized by a distinct continuous basal lamina on its inner surface toward the innermost collagenous portion of the arachnoid reticular layer.
Pia mater [edit]
The pia mater (Latin: tender mother [8]) is a very fragile membrane. It is the meningeal envelope that firmly adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal string, following all of the brain's contours (the gyri and sulci). It is a very thin membrane composed of gristly tissue covered on its outer surface past a sheet of apartment cells thought to be impermeable to fluid. The pia mater is pierced by blood vessels to the brain and spinal cord, and its capillaries nourish the brain.
Leptomeninges [edit]
The arachnoid and pia mater together are sometimes called the leptomeninges,[9] literally "thin meninges" (Greek: λεπτός "leptos"—"thin"). Acute meningococcal meningitis can pb to an exudate within the leptomeninges along the surface of the brain.[x] Because the arachnoid is connected to the pia past cob-spider web similar strands, it is structurally continuous with the pia, hence the name pia-arachnoid or leptomeninges. They are responsible for the production of beta-trace protein (prostaglandin D2 synthase), a major cerebrospinal fluid protein.[11]
Subarachnoid infinite [edit]
Diagram of department of spinal cord showing the meninges and spaces. Subarachnoid space coloured blueish
The subarachnoid space is the space that normally exists between the arachnoid and the pia mater. It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid and continues down the spinal cord. Spaces are formed from openings at different points along the subarachnoid space; these are the subarachnoid cisterns, which are filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
The dura mater is attached to the skull, whereas in the spinal cord, the dura mater is separated from the vertebrae by a infinite called the epidural space, which contains fat and blood vessels. The arachnoid is attached to the dura mater, while the pia mater is attached to the central nervous system tissue. When the dura mater and the arachnoid separate through injury or illness, the space betwixt them is the subdural space. At that place is a subpial space underneath the pia mater that separates it from the glia limitans.
Clinical significance [edit]
Injuries involving the meninges, can event in a hemorrhage and 2 types of hematoma.[12]
- A subarachnoid hemorrhage is acute bleeding under the arachnoid; it may occur spontaneously or as a effect of trauma.[thirteen]
- A subdural hematoma is a hematoma (drove of blood) located in a separation of the arachnoid from the dura mater. The bridging veins that connect the dura mater and the arachnoid are torn, normally during an accident, and blood leaks into this area.
- An epidural hematoma, bleeding betwixt the dura mater and the skull, may arise later an accident or spontaneously.
Other medical conditions that bear on the meninges include meningitis (usually from a fungal, bacterial, or viral infection) and meningiomas that arise from the meninges, or from meningeal carcinomatoses (tumors) that form elsewhere in the body and metastasize to the meninges.
Other animals [edit]
In fish, at that place is a single membrane known equally the primitive meninx.[fourteen] Amphibians, and reptiles accept two meninges, and birds and mammals have 3.[fourteen] In the early 1900s, Giuseppe Sterzi, an Italian anatomist, carried out comparative studies on the meninges from the lancelet to the homo. Reverse to previous reports, the spinal meninges were seen to be very simple, both in the adult lower vertebrates and in the early developmental stages of the more than advanced vertebrates. From the mesenchyme surrounding the neural tube only a single leaflet forms the primitive meninx. In the following phylogenetic and ontogenetic stages, the latter divides into an internal leaflet: the secondary meninx, and into an external one: the dura mater. Finally, in higher vertebrates, even the secondary meninx divides into the arachnoid and the pia. In the aforementioned animals, Sterzi demonstrated that, while in the spinal medulla the dura keeps its identity, in the skull it fuses with the periosteum. He also demonstrated the continuity of all meninges with the envelopes of nerves and with the filum terminale.
Mammals (as higher vertebrates) retain the dura mater, and the secondary meninx divides into the arachnoid and pia mater.[fifteen]
Boosted images [edit]
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Illustration of the piece of work by Antonio Pacchioni Disquisitio anatomicae de durae meningis ... published in Acta Eruditorum, 1703
See besides [edit]
- Cranial cavity
References [edit]
- ^ OED 2nd edition, 1989.
- ^ Entry "meninges" in Merriam-Webster Online Lexicon, retrieved 2012-07-28.
- ^ Entry "meninx" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, retrieved 2012-07-28.
- ^ μῆνιγξ . Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English language Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
- ^ Castillero Mimenza, Oscar (January 2017). "Meninges: anatomía, partes y funciones en el cerebro".
- ^ "Scalp Anatomy: Structure, Nerve Supply, Arterial Supply". 20 June 2017.
- ^ Abbott, NJ; Patabendige, AA; Dolman, DE; Yusof, SR; Begley, DJ (January 2010). "Structure and role of the blood-brain bulwark". Neurobiology of Disease. 37 (1): 13–25. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.030. PMID 19664713. S2CID 14753395.
- ^ Entry "pia mater" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, retrieved 2015-11-27.
- ^ "leptomeninges". Oxford Dictionaries | English.
- ^ Kumar, Vinay (2015). Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Mechanisms of Disease (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 1273. OCLC 892583347.
In astute meningitis, an exudate is evident inside the leptomeninges over the surface of the brain (Fig. 28-21).
- ^ Yamashima, Tetsumori; Sakuda, Kazushige; Tohma, Yasuo; Yamashita, Junkoh; Oda, Hiroshi; Irikura, Daisuke; Eguchi, Naomi; Beuckmann, Carsten T.; Kanaoka, Yoshihide; Urade, Yoshihiro; Hayaishi, Osamu (i April 1997). "Prostaglandin D Synthase (β-Trace) in Man Arachnoid and Meningioma Cells: Roles as a Cell Marker or in Cerebrospinal Fluid Absorption, Tumorigenesis, and Calcification Process". Periodical of Neuroscience. 17 (7): 2376–2382. doi:ten.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-07-02376.1997. PMC6573504. PMID 9065498. S2CID 15404074.
- ^ "Overview of Developed Traumatic Brain Injuries" (PDF). Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education and Development. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2008.
- ^ van Gijn J, Kerr RS, Rinkel GJ (2007). "Subarachnoid bleeding". Lancet. 369 (9558): 306–xviii. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60153-vi. PMID 17258671. S2CID 29126514.
- ^ a b Ostrander, Gary (12 September 2000). The Laboratory Fish. Elsevier. ISBN9780125296502.
- ^ Kardong, Kenneth Five. (1995). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Funuction, Evolution. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers. p. 539. ISBN0-697-21991-7.
External links [edit]
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Media related to Meninges at Wikimedia Commons
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninges
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